- Internal Audit – Workbook
- Important Auditing Vocabulary and Key Terms
- English for Internal Auditors
- AUDITOR’S DICTIONARY
- READING ACTIVITY - Auditing
Synonyms of audit
check: : exposure of a chess king to an attack from which he must be protected or moved to safety with his king in check
checkup: : examination
71 Words related to AUDIT, AUDIT Synonyms, AUDIT Antonyms - words associated with audit
Synonyms of audit
check: : exposure of a chess king to an attack from which he must be protected or moved to safety with his king in check
checkup: : examination
examination: : the act or process of examining : the state of being examined
going-over: : a severe scolding
Words related to AUDIT, AUDIT Synonyms, AUDIT Antonyms
Synonyms of audit
examination: : the act or process of examining : the state of being examined
going-over: : a severe scolding
inspection: : the act of inspecting
look-see: : a general survey : evaluation , inspection
review: : a formal military inspection
scan: : to read or mark so as to show metrical structure scan poetry
scrutiny: : a searching study, inquiry, or inspection : examination
survey: : to examine as to condition, situation, or value : appraise
view: : extent or range of vision : sight tried to keep the ship in view sat high in the bleachers to get a good view
Words Related to audit
analysis: : a detailed examination of anything complex in order to understand its nature or to determine its essential features : a thorough study doing a careful analysis of the problem
assay: : to analyze (something, such as an ore) for one or more specific components assayed the gold to determine its purity
close-up: : a photograph or movie shot taken at close range
deconstruction: : a philosophical or critical method which asserts that meanings, metaphysical constructs, and hierarchical oppositions (as between key terms in a philosophical or literary work) are always rendered unstable by their dependence on ultimately arbitrary signifiers
dissection: : the act or process of dissecting : the state of being dissected
exploration: : the act or an instance of exploring
investigation: : to observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry
probe: : a slender medical instrument used especially for exploration (as of a wound or body cavity)
research: : careful or diligent search
study: : a state of contemplation : reverie
inquisition: : a former Roman Catholic tribunal for the discovery and punishment of heresy
interrogation: : to question formally and systematically
once-over: : a swift examination or survey
perusal: : to examine or consider with attention and in detail : study
recheck: : to check (something) again … the repository locations had to be rechecked a month later, and again after a year, to meet the grant conditions. —Joe Awad … they had, in 20 minutes, cleared U.S. Immigration, retrieved their luggage, zipped through customs, rechecked their bags and were on their way to connect with a flight to Omaha … —Alfred Borcover
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reinspection: : to inspect (something) again … promising that the same engineering firm would reinspect every house once the work was done. —Douglas Frantz et al.
resurvey: : to survey (something or someone) again He had streets resurveyed to make sure that roads were properly straight … —Geographical Review … discovered that when newlywed couples were resurveyed after a two year period, those whose marriage had soured recalled that things had always been bad … —Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost and Antonio Zadra
observation: : an act or instance of observing a custom, rule, or law observation of the dress code
surveillance: : close watch kept over someone or something (as by a detective)
watch: : to keep vigil as a devotional exercise
checkout: : the action or an instance of checking out
test-drive: : to drive (a motor vehicle) in order to evaluate performance
trial run: : a testing exercise : experiment
Synonyms of audit
check (out): : exposure of a chess king to an attack from which he must be protected or moved to safety with his king in check
con: : something (such as a ruse) used deceptively to gain another’s confidence He knew too much about con to fall for that one … —Herbert Gold also : a confidence game : swindle
examine: : to inspect closely
inspect: : to view closely in critical appraisal : look over
overlook: : to look over : inspect took down a map and overlooked it —Eileen Duggan
oversee: : survey , watch From his hilltop home he can oversee the river below.
review: : a formal military inspection
scan: : to read or mark so as to show metrical structure scan poetry
scrutinize: : to examine closely and minutely
survey: : to examine as to condition, situation, or value : appraise
view: : extent or range of vision : sight tried to keep the ship in view sat high in the bleachers to get a good view
Words Related to audit
notice: : warning or intimation of something : announcement subject to change without notice —Dun’s Rev. Please give us enough notice to prepare for your arrival.
(2) : the announcement of a party’s intention to quit an agreement or relation at a specified time tenants’ right freely to give notice —Store Bolin
(3) : the condition of being warned or notified — usually used in the phrase on notice putting all … court personnel on notice that fundamental rights had to be observed —E. E. Nobleman
Some English Terms for Accounting and Auditing
1. Assets
Definition: Everything a company owns, including cash, accounts receivable (money a company is going to receive, see below), property and goods.
Example:
The company’s assets were easy to calculate, but it was difficult to quantify the value of the employees’ expertise.
2. Liabilities
Definition: Everything that a company owes to others, like loans and mortgages.
Example:
Liabilities are recorded on the right side of the balance sheet, while assets are listed on the left.
3. Balance Sheet
Definition: A document that records a company’s assets and liabilities at a certain moment in time. If we’re talking about a public company, it also shows the shareholders’ equity (how much the shareholders own).
The balance sheet is based on the accounting equation:
assets = liabilities + owner’s equity
The balance sheet is important for potential investors because they can see how the company is doing.
Example:
We studied the balance sheet carefully to see if the assets exceeded the liabilities and shareholders’ equity.
4. Debit
Definition: An entry that shows what a company spends. Debits are recorded on the left side of an account.
Example:
She recorded the purchase of the new laptops as a debit entry.
5. Credit
Definition: An entry that shows how much money a company receives. Credits are recorded on the right side of accounts.
Example:
She realized that the total debits didn’t equal the total credits, so she had to check each entry all over again.
6. Double Entry
Definition: An accounting system in which each transaction is recorded as both a credit and a debit, an asset and a liability.
Example:
Double entry bookkeeping gives you a better perspective than single entry bookkeeping because it helps you make sure each transaction is accurately recorded.
7. Net
Definition: An amount of money that is left after taxes have been paid.
Example:
She couldn’t tell me her net salary because she didn’t know all the taxes she was paying; moreover, salaries are not transparent in her company.
8. Gross
Definition: An amount of money before taxes are deducted.
Example:
Her gross income exceeded his, but they still couldn’t afford to get the house they’d been dreaming about for such a long time.
9. Profit
Definition: The money a business is left with after deducting all the expenses.
Example:
In order to decide if the company was worth investing in, they wanted to look at the profit it had been making over the previous year.
10. Revenue
Definition: The total amount of money a company receives from the services or products it sells. The revenue is higher than the profit, because in order to calculate the profit, you need to first see the costs of doing business.
Example:
Our company has experienced a decrease in revenue due to the financial crisis.
11. Capital
Definition: Cash and funds, but also machinery and tangible assets that can contribute to earning more money, like computers, company vehicles, etc. Intangible assets like expertise or reputation are not considered to be capital.
Example:
He couldn’t start a business because he didn’t have enough capital, so he decided to work as a freelancer for the time being.
12. Cash Flow
Definition: Money coming in (inflows) and going out (outflows) of a company.
Example:
They had a cash flow problem because only a small percentage of their customers decided to use early settlement discounts, which meant that they had very high financing costs.
13. Payroll
Definition: A list of all a company’s employees and their salaries. The word payroll also refers to the total amount of money paid by a company to its employees.
Example:
They have a lot of employees on their payroll, so they employ quite a few payroll accountants to calculate employee earnings.
14. Accounts Payable
Definition: Money that a company owes to other parties—companies or people—called creditors. Accounts payable are considered liabilities.
Example:
All of the accounts payable need to be cleared before we can invest in new software.
15. Accounts Receivable
Definition: Money that a company has to receive for products or services bought by customers or clients.
Example:
You can calculate the accounts receivable by adding up all the invoices the company generated.
16. Appreciation
Definition: The increase in the value of a company’s assets. Appreciation can be the result of an increase in demand for a product or service. The verb form is to appreciate.
Example:
Although their balance sheet didn’t look very promising, the company seemed worth investing in because of an anticipated appreciation in the value of their product.
17. Depreciation
Definition: The decrease in the value of products or services a company offers. Depreciation can be due to a high supply of similar products or services offered by competitors. The verb form is to depreciate.
Example:
Because the company had almost no competitors just a year ago, nobody would have thought that their products would depreciate so much.
18. Overhead
Definition: All the expenses a company needs to pay for, like the costs of advertising, labor, bills and taxes.
Example:
Their overhead expenses were so high that they had been making very little profit, so they decided to cut back on marketing.
19. Accounting Period
Definition: The time period over which financial statements are produced, usually a year.
Example:
The accounting period the investors were interested in was longer than a financial year because they wanted to get the big picture of the company’s profitability.
20. Financial Statements
Definition: Documents that show the financial situation of a company. They include the balance sheet (showing assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity, see above), the income statement (showing revenues and expenses) and statement of cash flows (showing cash flow fluctuations in a certain accounting period).
Example:
The accountants were all busy working on the financial statements as the company was planning to refinance its loans.
21. Share
Definition: A unit of ownership in a company. The person or organization who owns shares (the shareholder, see below) is entitled to dividends (usually cash), but they also share the responsibility if there are losses.
Example:
He decided to invest in shares of a very profitable company instead of considering a savings account, because he was sure he could make money fast and he enjoyed taking risks.
22. Shareholder
Definition: A person or organization (company or any other institution) that owns shares in a company. Shareholders are, in a way, the owners of a company. If the company is doing well, the value of the shares goes up. If, on the contrary, the company is not profitable, the value of its shares decreases.
Example:
Because he was a shareholder in the company, he had to attend annual General Meetings in order to keep up with the latest news and to vote for new members of the Board of Directors.
23. Owner’s Equity
Definition: A part of a company’s assets that the owner has. It’s calculated as assets minus liabilities.
Example:
Unfortunately, in his company’s case, the owner’s equity didn’t amount to much: they had a lot of liabilities and not enough assets.
24. Auditor
Definition: A person whose job is to evaluate accounting records in order to make sure they have been done properly and to check if the company is being run efficiently.
Example:
When the auditors asked for additional information about the financial statements, our accountants complied without delay.
25. Bookkeeper
Definition: A person whose job is to record daily transactions, issue invoices and complete payrolls. Bookkeepers are usually supervised by accountants. Bookkeepers are required to have less experience than accountants and don’t need a degree in accounting.
Example:
She was training to become an accountant, but in the meantime she had a part-time job as a bookkeeper.
26. Chartered Accountant
Definition: An accountant who has a certain amount of experience and who has passed certain exams that qualify them to be a member of an institution, such as the Institute of Chartered Accountants in the UK. In the US a similar title is that of Certified Public Accountant (CPA).
Example:
She’s been studying to become a chartered accountant for a few years now, but she just couldn’t manage to pass the final exam.
27. Creative Accounting
Definition: An accounting practice that tries to present an improved image of a company’s financial situation by highlighting mainly the aspects that are favorable. Creative accounting is considered to be legal, but is often seen as unethical.
Example:
As soon as our potential investor realized we had done some creative accounting, they decided to hire an auditor.
28. Income Tax
Definition: Money that individuals and companies owe to the government, based on the income they make.
Example:
She was a sole proprietor and she hired an accountant to file her income tax return every year.
29. Value Added Tax (VAT)
Definition: A tax that consumers pay on most products and services, except most food and drugs. Not all countries have a VAT system. In the US, most states have something similar, called a sales tax.
Example:
The bookkeeper had to calculate the Value Added Tax in order to issue the invoice.
30. Return on Investment (ROI)
Definition: The profitability ratio of a certain investment. The return on investment is calculated as the benefit gained from the investment divided by the cost of the investment.
Example:
As their return on investment hit the lowest point in the last 5 years, they decided to stop investing in our company.